Manzanar National Historic Site, California -

Acknowledgements

1. Quote from Judgment at Nuremberg: Copyright ©2002 by Abby Mann. Reprinted by permission of New Directions Publishing Corporation. See Footnote 26.
2. Quote by Rod Serling: The Twilight Zone Companion, copyright ©1992 by Marc Scott Zicree. Reprinted by permission of Silman-James Press. See Footnote 7.

Footnotes

1. A Historical Study of the Manzanar War Relocation Center, Appendix A.
2. Manzanar Committee Web Site, History Page - Manzanar Committee.
3. Plaque is signed: "California Registered Historical Landmark No. 850. Plaque placed by the State Department of Parks and Recreation in cooperation with the Manzanar Committee and the Japanese American Citizens League, April 14, 1973".
4. Northeastern University Magazine, "The Patriot", March 2004, page 27.
5. "A Historical Study of the Manzanar War Relocation Center", Epilogue, Quoted from "Tule Lake: From Relocation to Segregation" by Harold S. Jacoby.
6. Ibid.
7. Serling's Epilogue to the Twilight Zone episode, "The Monsters are Due on Maple Street", originally aired March 4, 1960.
8. A few internees either received permission or were able to sneak away and hike into the mountains from time to time.
9. Manzanar Committee Web Site, History Page - Manzanar Committee - "The place we had come looking for was Manzanar, one of ten concentration camps in which the Japanese were interned during World War II."
10. Washington Post, April 26, 2004, "New Museum Revives Painful Memories...".
11. Ansel Adams, An Autobiography, Chapter 17.
12. Ibid. Quoted from Born Free and Equal by Ansel Adams, 1944.
13. Washington Post, April 26, 2004, "New Museum Revives Painful Memories..." and Los Angeles Times, April 25, 2004, "Finally sharing Manzanar's Bitter Tale".
14. Ibid - Washington Post article.
15. Sadao S. Munemori, Research article by Dick Mansfield, NPS Volunteer Researcher.
16. Department of Defense Web Site News, May 19, 2000.
17. Sadao Munemori, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia online.
18. A Historical Study of the Manzanar War Relocation Center, Epilogue.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid. Quoted from "Righting A Wrong: Japanese Americans and the Passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988" by Leslie T. Hatamiya.
21. from Alicia Lynch, Manzanar Chief of Interpretation.
22. Washington Post, April 26, 2004, "New Museum Revives Painful Memories...".
23. Northeastern University Magazine, "The Patriot", March 2004, page 32.
24. "Stories from the Inside", New York Times, February 7, 2005.
25. The Lancet, an international journal of medical science and practice, estimated Iraqi civilian casualties at 100,000 or more in November 2004. That would translate into the equivalent of one million U.S. casualties because our population is ten times larger.
26. Judgment at Nuremberg has been a TV play, a Broadway play, a theatrical movie, and a book. It is a fictional story based on reality. The circumstance of the quote was the American justice, Haywood, rendering a verdict against the Nazi judges. The backdrop was the Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948 when there was sentiment building to gain the support of the Germans against the Soviets by going easy on the minor Nazi officials and businessmen. In fact, most of those jailed were released early.
27. Northeastern University Magazine, "The Patriot", March 2004.
28. Ibid.
29. USDOJ-FBI: 15,980 murders in 2001; CBS News: 17,448 drunk driving deaths in 2001.
30. Recent controversial publications such as In Defense of Internment have indicated that there were "Magic" intercepts (the U.S. code breaking program) suggesting spying and sabotage activities by Japan on the West Coast, and, in their authors' views justifying the internment of ALL of the West Coast Japanese, including women, children, old people, and orphans. In fact, NOT ONE internee was ever even charged with an espionage-related offense.

Bibliography

• The Evacuation and Relocation of Persons of Japanese Ancestry During World War II: A Historical Study of the Manzanar War Relocation Center. Historic Resource Study / Special History Study, Harlan D. Unrau, 1996, Manzanar National Historic Site, National Park Service, Department of the Interior.
• Feldscher, Karen, "The Patriot - Colonel Ed Wakayama's Long Road from Manzanar", Northeastern University Magazine (March 2004), 24-32.
• Edds, Kimberly "New Museum Revives Painful Memories for Internees", Washington Post, 26 April 2004, p. A03.
• Hymon Steve "Finally, Sharing Manzanar's Bitter Tale", Los Angeles Times, 25 April 2004, p. 1.
• Mansfield, Dick, Sadao S. Munemori, Research Paper by National Park Service volunteer, 19 June 2003.
• Manzanar, Official brochure for Manzanar National Historic Site, National Park Service.
• Manzanar NHS Press Information Kit, Interpretive Center Grand Opening, National Park Service, 24 April 2004.
• Manzanar National Historic Site web site, National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/manz/.
• The War Relocation Camps of World War II: When Fear was Stronger than Justice, a National Park Service Teaching Lesson. http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/89manzanar/89manzanar.htm.
• The news source for the Manzanar Committee Online, http://www.manzanarcommittee.org/.
• Twenty-one Asian American World War II Vets to Get Medal of Honor. Department of Defense, News Items, May 19, 2000, http://www.defenselink.mil/news/May2000/n05192000_20005191.html.
• Sadao Munemori. Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Munemori.
• Hebert, Bob, "Stories From the Inside", New York Times, Editorial Page, 7 February 2005.
• Adams, Ansel, Ansel Adams, An Autobiography, Bulfinch Press; 1st ed edition (October 30, 1985).
• Zicree, Mark Scott, The Twilight Zone Companion, Silman James Press ; (1992).
• Judgment at Nuremberg, Directed by Stanley Kramer, Story and screenplay written by Abby Mann, MGM, 1961.
• Mann, Abby, Judgment at Nuremberg: A Play, New Directions Publishing Corporation (1 November 2002)
• Crime in the U.S. - 2001, U.S. Department of Justice / FBI.
• Drunk Driving Deaths Rise, CBSNews.com, 22 November 2002.

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